Benchmarking biorXiv
General
This is the end-to-end benchmarking result for GROBID version 0.7.0 against the bioRxiv test set (biorxiv-10k-test-2000), see the End-to-end evaluation page for explanations and for reproducing this evaluation.
The following end-to-end results are using: - BidLSTM-CRF-FEATURES as sequence labeling for the citation model - CRF Wapiti as sequence labelling engine for all other models.
Header extractions are consolidated by default with biblio-glutton service (the results with CrossRef REST API as consolidation service should be similar but much slower).
Other versions of these benchmarks with variants and Deep Learning models (e.g. newer master snapshots) are available here. Note that Deep Learning models might provide higher accuracy, but at the cost of slower runtime and more expensive CPU/GPU resources.
Evaluation on 1999 PDF preprints out of 2000 (1 PDF "too many blocks" interruption).
Runtime for processing 2000 PDF: 1169s (1,71 PDF per second) on Ubuntu 16.04, 4 CPU i7-4790K (8 threads), 16GB RAM (workstation bought in 2015 for 1600 euros) and with a GeForce GTX 1050 Ti GPU.
Header metadata
Evaluation on 1999 random PDF files out of 2000 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 2.24 | 2.16 | 2.2 | 1989 |
| authors | 84.06 | 83.13 | 83.59 | 1998 |
| first_author | 94.69 | 93.74 | 94.21 | 1996 |
| keywords | 59.91 | 60.91 | 60.4 | 839 |
| title | 86.84 | 84.14 | 85.47 | 1999 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 66.58 | 65.39 | 65.98 | 8821 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 65.54 | 64.82 | 65.17 | 8821 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 57.42 | 55.46 | 56.42 | 1989 |
| authors | 84.62 | 83.68 | 84.15 | 1998 |
| first_author | 94.79 | 93.84 | 94.31 | 1996 |
| keywords | 65.77 | 66.87 | 66.31 | 839 |
| title | 92.36 | 89.49 | 90.9 | 1999 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 80.78 | 79.33 | 80.05 | 8821 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 78.99 | 77.87 | 78.42 | 8821 |
Levenshtein Matching (Minimum Levenshtein distance at 0.8)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 76.83 | 74.21 | 75.5 | 1989 |
| authors | 92.46 | 91.44 | 91.95 | 1998 |
| first_author | 95.19 | 94.24 | 94.71 | 1996 |
| keywords | 78.31 | 79.62 | 78.96 | 839 |
| title | 95.25 | 92.3 | 93.75 | 1999 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 88.85 | 87.26 | 88.05 | 8821 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 87.61 | 86.36 | 86.97 | 8821 |
Ratcliff/Obershelp Matching (Minimum Ratcliff/Obershelp similarity at 0.95)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 73.87 | 71.34 | 72.58 | 1989 |
| authors | 88.16 | 87.19 | 87.67 | 1998 |
| first_author | 94.69 | 93.74 | 94.21 | 1996 |
| keywords | 71.28 | 72.47 | 71.87 | 839 |
| title | 93.96 | 91.05 | 92.48 | 1999 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 86.11 | 84.57 | 85.34 | 8821 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 84.39 | 83.16 | 83.76 | 8821 |
Instance-level results
Total expected instances: 1999
Total correct instances: 34 (strict)
Total correct instances: 753 (soft)
Total correct instances: 1158 (Levenshtein)
Total correct instances: 1026 (ObservedRatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level recall: 1.7 (strict)
Instance-level recall: 37.67 (soft)
Instance-level recall: 57.93 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level recall: 51.33 (RatcliffObershelp)
Citation metadata
Evaluation on 1999 random PDF files out of 2000 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 86.67 | 78.42 | 82.34 | 97138 |
| date | 91.41 | 83.27 | 87.15 | 97585 |
| doi | 72.61 | 80.38 | 76.3 | 16893 |
| first_author | 93.54 | 84.57 | 88.83 | 97138 |
| inTitle | 81.53 | 77.13 | 79.27 | 96384 |
| issue | 93.61 | 85.63 | 89.44 | 30282 |
| page | 96.52 | 78.67 | 86.69 | 88558 |
| pmcid | 63.26 | 63.57 | 63.41 | 807 |
| pmid | 66.96 | 75.63 | 71.03 | 2093 |
| title | 84.29 | 80.7 | 82.45 | 92423 |
| volume | 95.57 | 92.79 | 94.16 | 87671 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 89.25 | 82.2 | 85.58 | 706972 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 84.18 | 80.07 | 81.92 | 706972 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 87.94 | 79.56 | 83.54 | 97138 |
| date | 91.41 | 83.27 | 87.15 | 97585 |
| doi | 77.11 | 85.35 | 81.02 | 16893 |
| first_author | 94 | 84.99 | 89.27 | 97138 |
| inTitle | 91.18 | 86.26 | 88.65 | 96384 |
| issue | 93.61 | 85.63 | 89.44 | 30282 |
| page | 96.52 | 78.67 | 86.69 | 88558 |
| pmcid | 73.74 | 74.1 | 73.92 | 807 |
| pmid | 71.36 | 80.6 | 75.7 | 2093 |
| title | 92.48 | 88.55 | 90.47 | 92423 |
| volume | 95.57 | 92.79 | 94.16 | 87671 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 92.1 | 84.83 | 88.32 | 706972 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 87.72 | 83.62 | 85.46 | 706972 |
Levenshtein Matching (Minimum Levenshtein distance at 0.8)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 92.69 | 83.86 | 88.06 | 97138 |
| date | 91.41 | 83.27 | 87.15 | 97585 |
| doi | 79.82 | 88.36 | 83.87 | 16893 |
| first_author | 94.15 | 85.12 | 89.41 | 97138 |
| inTitle | 92.13 | 87.16 | 89.58 | 96384 |
| issue | 93.61 | 85.63 | 89.44 | 30282 |
| page | 96.52 | 78.67 | 86.69 | 88558 |
| pmcid | 73.74 | 74.1 | 73.92 | 807 |
| pmid | 71.4 | 80.65 | 75.75 | 2093 |
| title | 95.33 | 91.27 | 93.26 | 92423 |
| volume | 95.57 | 92.79 | 94.16 | 87671 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 93.36 | 85.99 | 89.53 | 706972 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 88.76 | 84.63 | 86.48 | 706972 |
Ratcliff/Obershelp Matching (Minimum Ratcliff/Obershelp similarity at 0.95)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 89.79 | 81.23 | 85.3 | 97138 |
| date | 91.41 | 83.27 | 87.15 | 97585 |
| doi | 79.05 | 87.5 | 83.06 | 16893 |
| first_author | 93.59 | 84.61 | 88.87 | 97138 |
| inTitle | 89.87 | 85.03 | 87.38 | 96384 |
| issue | 93.61 | 85.63 | 89.44 | 30282 |
| page | 96.52 | 78.67 | 86.69 | 88558 |
| pmcid | 63.26 | 63.57 | 63.41 | 807 |
| pmid | 66.96 | 75.63 | 71.03 | 2093 |
| title | 94.52 | 90.5 | 92.47 | 92423 |
| volume | 95.57 | 92.79 | 94.16 | 87671 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 92.42 | 85.12 | 88.62 | 706972 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 86.74 | 82.59 | 84.45 | 706972 |
Instance-level results
Total expected instances: 98753
Total extracted instances: 103498
Total correct instances: 41273 (strict)
Total correct instances: 51887 (soft)
Total correct instances: 56012 (Levenshtein)
Total correct instances: 52881 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level precision: 39.88 (strict)
Instance-level precision: 50.13 (soft)
Instance-level precision: 54.12 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level precision: 51.09 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level recall: 41.79 (strict)
Instance-level recall: 52.54 (soft)
Instance-level recall: 56.72 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level recall: 53.55 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level f-score: 40.81 (strict)
Instance-level f-score: 51.31 (soft)
Instance-level f-score: 55.39 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level f-score: 52.29 (RatcliffObershelp)
Matching 1 : 75680
Matching 2 : 4230
Matching 3 : 6093
Matching 4 : 2284
Total matches : 88287
Citation context resolution
Total expected references: 98712 - 49.38 references per article
Total predicted references: 103442 - 51.75 references per article
Total expected citation contexts: 142737 - 71.4 citation contexts per article
Total predicted citation contexts: 134945 - 67.51 citation contexts per article
Total correct predicted citation contexts: 111261 - 55.66 citation contexts per article
Total wrong predicted citation contexts: 23684 (wrong callout matching, callout missing in NLM, or matching with a bib. ref. not aligned with a bib.ref. in NLM)
Precision citation contexts: 82.45
Recall citation contexts: 77.95
fscore citation contexts: 80.14
Fulltext structures
Fulltext structure contents are complicated to capture from JATS NLM files. They are often normalized and different from the actual PDF content and are can be inconsistent from one document to another. The scores of the following metrics are thus not very meaningful in absolute term, in particular for the strict matching (textual content of the srtructure can be very long). As relative values for comparing different models, they seem however useful.
Evaluation on 1999 random PDF files out of 2000 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| figure_title | 4.13 | 3.57 | 3.83 | 13162 |
| reference_citation | 70.63 | 70.48 | 70.55 | 147404 |
| reference_figure | 73.72 | 65.91 | 69.6 | 47965 |
| reference_table | 48.12 | 80.66 | 60.28 | 5951 |
| section_title | 71.28 | 71.04 | 71.16 | 32384 |
| table_title | 4.54 | 4.09 | 4.3 | 2957 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 66.55 | 65.6 | 66.07 | 249823 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 45.4 | 49.29 | 46.62 | 249823 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| figure_title | 67.36 | 58.3 | 62.51 | 13162 |
| reference_citation | 82.28 | 82.1 | 82.19 | 147404 |
| reference_figure | 74.42 | 66.53 | 70.25 | 47965 |
| reference_table | 48.55 | 81.38 | 60.81 | 5951 |
| section_title | 75.06 | 74.8 | 74.93 | 32384 |
| table_title | 50.73 | 45.72 | 48.1 | 2957 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 77.57 | 76.47 | 77.01 | 249823 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 66.4 | 68.14 | 66.47 | 249823 |
Evaluation metrics produced in 1132.55 seconds
Header metadata
Evaluation on 1998 random PDF files out of 1998 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 2.19 | 2.06 | 2.12 | 1988 |
| authors | 73.78 | 70.31 | 72 | 1997 |
| first_author | 93.12 | 88.82 | 90.92 | 1995 |
| keywords | 55.41 | 54.95 | 55.18 | 839 |
| title | 78.64 | 71.32 | 74.8 | 1998 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 61.3 | 57.88 | 59.54 | 8817 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 60.63 | 57.49 | 59 | 8817 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 55.12 | 51.96 | 53.5 | 1988 |
| authors | 75.56 | 72.01 | 73.74 | 1997 |
| first_author | 93.69 | 89.37 | 91.48 | 1995 |
| keywords | 60.22 | 59.71 | 59.96 | 839 |
| title | 90.01 | 81.63 | 85.62 | 1998 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 76.72 | 72.43 | 74.51 | 8817 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 74.92 | 70.94 | 72.86 | 8817 |
Levenshtein Matching (Minimum Levenshtein distance at 0.8)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 73.91 | 69.67 | 71.72 | 1988 |
| authors | 90.54 | 86.28 | 88.36 | 1997 |
| first_author | 94.48 | 90.13 | 92.25 | 1995 |
| keywords | 72.36 | 71.75 | 72.05 | 839 |
| title | 93.65 | 84.93 | 89.08 | 1998 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 86.56 | 81.72 | 84.07 | 8817 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 84.99 | 80.55 | 82.69 | 8817 |
Ratcliff/Obershelp Matching (Minimum Ratcliff/Obershelp similarity at 0.95)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract | 70.7 | 66.65 | 68.62 | 1988 |
| authors | 83.34 | 79.42 | 81.33 | 1997 |
| first_author | 93.17 | 88.87 | 90.97 | 1995 |
| keywords | 65.87 | 65.32 | 65.59 | 839 |
| title | 92.05 | 83.48 | 87.56 | 1998 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 82.89 | 78.26 | 80.51 | 8817 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 81.03 | 76.75 | 78.81 | 8817 |
Instance-level results
Total expected instances: 1998
Total correct instances: 30 (strict)
Total correct instances: 596 (soft)
Total correct instances: 1000 (Levenshtein)
Total correct instances: 862 (ObservedRatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level recall: 1.5 (strict)
Instance-level recall: 29.83 (soft)
Instance-level recall: 50.05 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level recall: 43.14 (RatcliffObershelp)
Citation metadata
Evaluation on 1998 random PDF files out of 1998 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 86.86 | 70.58 | 77.88 | 97092 |
| date | 90.05 | 74.78 | 81.71 | 97539 |
| doi | 72.86 | 72.76 | 72.81 | 16893 |
| first_author | 93.63 | 76.04 | 83.92 | 97092 |
| inTitle | 80.98 | 69.64 | 74.88 | 96338 |
| issue | 95.02 | 78.68 | 86.08 | 30279 |
| page | 95.07 | 71.56 | 81.66 | 88516 |
| pmcid | 66.07 | 59.11 | 62.39 | 807 |
| pmid | 67.75 | 67.56 | 67.66 | 2093 |
| title | 84.05 | 71.76 | 77.42 | 92377 |
| volume | 94.83 | 83.41 | 88.75 | 87626 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 88.83 | 74.03 | 80.76 | 706652 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 84.29 | 72.35 | 77.74 | 706652 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 88.12 | 71.61 | 79.01 | 97092 |
| date | 90.05 | 74.78 | 81.71 | 97539 |
| doi | 77.64 | 77.54 | 77.59 | 16893 |
| first_author | 94.08 | 76.4 | 84.33 | 97092 |
| inTitle | 90.26 | 77.63 | 83.47 | 96338 |
| issue | 95.02 | 78.68 | 86.08 | 30279 |
| page | 95.07 | 71.56 | 81.66 | 88516 |
| pmcid | 76.87 | 68.77 | 72.6 | 807 |
| pmid | 71.78 | 71.57 | 71.67 | 2093 |
| title | 92.17 | 78.7 | 84.9 | 92377 |
| volume | 94.83 | 83.41 | 88.75 | 87626 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 91.62 | 76.35 | 83.29 | 706652 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 87.81 | 75.51 | 81.07 | 706652 |
Levenshtein Matching (Minimum Levenshtein distance at 0.8)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 92.75 | 75.36 | 83.16 | 97092 |
| date | 90.05 | 74.78 | 81.71 | 97539 |
| doi | 79.08 | 78.98 | 79.03 | 16893 |
| first_author | 94.24 | 76.53 | 84.46 | 97092 |
| inTitle | 91.1 | 78.34 | 84.24 | 96338 |
| issue | 95.02 | 78.68 | 86.08 | 30279 |
| page | 95.07 | 71.56 | 81.66 | 88516 |
| pmcid | 76.87 | 68.77 | 72.6 | 807 |
| pmid | 71.83 | 71.62 | 71.72 | 2093 |
| title | 95.31 | 81.38 | 87.79 | 92377 |
| volume | 94.83 | 83.41 | 88.75 | 87626 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 92.83 | 77.37 | 84.4 | 706652 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 88.74 | 76.31 | 81.93 | 706652 |
Ratcliff/Obershelp Matching (Minimum Ratcliff/Obershelp similarity at 0.95)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| authors | 89.91 | 73.06 | 80.61 | 97092 |
| date | 90.05 | 74.78 | 81.71 | 97539 |
| doi | 78.23 | 78.13 | 78.18 | 16893 |
| first_author | 93.68 | 76.08 | 83.97 | 97092 |
| inTitle | 89.01 | 76.55 | 82.31 | 96338 |
| issue | 95.02 | 78.68 | 86.08 | 30279 |
| page | 95.07 | 71.56 | 81.66 | 88516 |
| pmcid | 66.07 | 59.11 | 62.39 | 807 |
| pmid | 67.75 | 67.56 | 67.66 | 2093 |
| title | 94.33 | 80.54 | 86.89 | 92377 |
| volume | 94.83 | 83.41 | 88.75 | 87626 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 91.9 | 76.59 | 83.55 | 706652 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 86.72 | 74.5 | 80.02 | 706652 |
Instance-level results
Total expected instances: 98707
Total extracted instances: 96483
Total correct instances: 37769 (strict)
Total correct instances: 47362 (soft)
Total correct instances: 50792 (Levenshtein)
Total correct instances: 48107 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level precision: 39.15 (strict)
Instance-level precision: 49.09 (soft)
Instance-level precision: 52.64 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level precision: 49.86 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level recall: 38.26 (strict)
Instance-level recall: 47.98 (soft)
Instance-level recall: 51.46 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level recall: 48.74 (RatcliffObershelp)
Instance-level f-score: 38.7 (strict)
Instance-level f-score: 48.53 (soft)
Instance-level f-score: 52.04 (Levenshtein)
Instance-level f-score: 49.29 (RatcliffObershelp)
Matching 1 : 67251
Matching 2 : 4362
Matching 3 : 5614
Matching 4 : 2042
Total matches : 79269
Citation context resolution
Total expected references: 98705 - 49.4 references per article
Total predicted references: 96483 - 48.29 references per article
Total expected citation contexts: 142688 - 71.42 citation contexts per article
Total predicted citation contexts: 123504 - 61.81 citation contexts per article
Total correct predicted citation contexts: 98549 - 49.32 citation contexts per article
Total wrong predicted citation contexts: 24955 (wrong callout matching, callout missing in NLM, or matching with a bib. ref. not aligned with a bib.ref. in NLM)
Precision citation contexts: 79.79
Recall citation contexts: 69.07
fscore citation contexts: 74.04
Fulltext structures
Fulltext structure contents are complicated to capture from JATS NLM files. They are often normalized and different from the actual PDF content and are can be inconsistent from one document to another. The scores of the following metrics are thus not very meaningful in absolute term, in particular for the strict matching (textual content of the srtructure can be very long). As relative values for comparing different models, they seem however useful.
Evaluation on 1998 random PDF files out of 1998 PDF (ratio 1.0).
Strict Matching (exact matches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| figure_title | 3.29 | 2.73 | 2.99 | 13147 |
| reference_citation | 70.52 | 66.38 | 68.39 | 147296 |
| reference_figure | 73.83 | 67.2 | 70.36 | 47901 |
| reference_table | 49.41 | 78.97 | 60.79 | 5938 |
| section_title | 69.31 | 67.48 | 68.38 | 32360 |
| table_title | 3.52 | 2.91 | 3.19 | 2951 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 66.33 | 62.87 | 64.56 | 249593 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 44.98 | 47.61 | 45.68 | 249593 |
Soft Matching (ignoring punctuation, case and space characters mismatches)
Field-level results
| label | precision | recall | f1 | support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| figure_title | 64.44 | 53.45 | 58.43 | 13147 |
| reference_citation | 82.57 | 77.72 | 80.07 | 147296 |
| reference_figure | 74.45 | 67.76 | 70.95 | 47901 |
| reference_table | 49.76 | 79.52 | 61.21 | 5938 |
| section_title | 73.07 | 71.14 | 72.1 | 32360 |
| table_title | 48.36 | 40.02 | 43.8 | 2951 |
| all fields (micro avg.) | 77.31 | 73.28 | 75.24 | 249593 |
| all fields (macro avg.) | 65.44 | 64.94 | 64.43 | 249593 |
Evaluation metrics produced in 1133.739 seconds